BSC 402:
SECTION A: 4 X 5 MARKS = 20 MARKS
Q.1. Perception and Cognition and Motivation
Perception is based on twelve gateways: the five sense organs plus the mind and the other six being the objects of each of these.
The status of mind is special. It has the ability to reflect on the objects of the other senses.
Each combination of sense organ and its objects leads to a particular consciousness (vinnana)--for example, visual consciousness arises because of the eye and material shapes.
When consciousness is added to each of the pairs of modalities, one gets eighteen factors of cognition, referred to as dhatus, or elements. The meeting of the three (i.e., eye, material shape and visual consciousness) is contact; because of this contact arises feeling; what one feels, one perceives.
As for motivation, Buddhism mentioned about the second Noble truth: the cause of suffering and action. It is Tanha. It is classified into three basic forms: kama tanha (craving for sensory gratification); bhava tanha (craving for survival or continued existence); and vibhava tanha (craving for annihilation).
In a further analysis of motivation, Buddhism identifies three factors that lead to unwholesome, or undesirable, behaviors. These are: raga (passion or lust); dosa (hatred or malice); and moha (delusion, or false belief).
Q.2. Behaior modification strategies:
The literature of early Buddhism also contains a wide range of behavior
change strategies other than meditation. These strategies are remarkably similar to several of the established techniques of modern behavior therapy.
Some behavior modification strategies can be listed as followed:
- the rejection of the notion of an unchanging self or soul.
- focus on observable phenomena.
- emphasis on testability.
- stress on techniques for awareness of certain bodily responses;
- emphasizing the "here and now";
- dissemination of teachings and techniques widely and publicly.
- giving meditational technique of mindfulness.
It can be practiced futher the following steps in modifying bad behaviors:
- Switch to an opposite or incompatible thought.
- Ponder on harmful consequences.
- Ignore and distract.
- Reflect on removal of causes.
- Control with forceful effort.
BSC 402:SECTION A: 4 X 5 MARKS = 20 MARKSQ.1. Perception and Cognition and MotivationPerception is based on twelve gateways: the five sense organs plus the mind and the other six being the objects of each of these.The status of mind is special. It has the ability to reflect on the objects of the other senses.Each combination of sense organ and its objects leads to a particular consciousness (vinnana)--for example, visual consciousness arises because of the eye and material shapes.When consciousness is added to each of the pairs of modalities, one gets eighteen factors of cognition, referred to as dhatus, or elements. The meeting of the three (i.e., eye, material shape and visual consciousness) is contact; because of this contact arises feeling; what one feels, one perceives. As for motivation, Buddhism mentioned about the second Noble truth: the cause of suffering and action. It is Tanha. It is classified into three basic forms: kama tanha (craving for sensory gratification); bhava tanha (craving for survival or continued existence); and vibhava tanha (craving for annihilation).In a further analysis of motivation, Buddhism identifies three factors that lead to unwholesome, or undesirable, behaviors. These are: raga (passion or lust); dosa (hatred or malice); and moha (delusion, or false belief).Q.2. Behaior modification strategies:The literature of early Buddhism also contains a wide range of behaviorchange strategies other than meditation. These strategies are remarkably similar to several of the established techniques of modern behavior therapy.
Some behavior modification strategies can be listed as followed:
- the rejection of the notion of an unchanging self or soul.
- focus on observable phenomena.
- emphasis on testability.
- stress on techniques for awareness of certain bodily responses;
- emphasizing the "here and now";
- dissemination of teachings and techniques widely and publicly.
- giving meditational technique of mindfulness.
It can be practiced futher the following steps in modifying bad behaviors:
- Switch to an opposite or incompatible thought.
- Ponder on harmful consequences.
- Ignore and distract.
- Reflect on removal of causes.
- Control with forceful effort.
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