1 procedural measures, such as the Weberian criteria of bureaucratic modernity;(2) capacity measures, which include both resources and degree of professionalization;
(3) output measures; and(4)measures of bureaucratic autonomy. The paper rejects output measures, and suggests a two-dimensional framework of using capacity and autonomy as a measure of executive branch quality. This framework explains the conundrum of why low-income countries are advised to reduce bureaucratic autonomy while high-income ones seek to increase it.