Nanoparticles interact with plants causing many morphological and physiological
changes, depending on the properties of NPs. Efficacy of NPs is determined by their
chemical composition, size, surface covering, reactivity, and most importantly the dose
2 Role of Nanoparticles in Plants 21
at which they are effective (Khodakovskaya et al. 2012). Researchers from their findings
suggested both positive and negative effects on plant growth and development,
and the impact of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) on plants depends on the composition,
concentration, size, and physical and chemical properties of ENPs as well as
plant species (Ma et al. 2010). Efficacy of NPs depends on their concentration and
varies from plants to plants (Table 2.1). However, this review covers plausible role NPs
in seed germination, roots, plant growth (shoot and root biomass) and photosynthesis.