However, Mackeracher (1996) reminds us that learning is not only cognitive. She discusses, in addition to the cognitive processes the emotional, social, physical, and spiritual aspects of learning Effective learning is not only analytical, but also can be holistic, she suggests, and therefore non-verbal, non-logical, and non-rational Most of the classification systems, with the exception of Gagné's ref erence to attitudes, ignore the affective and spiritual components of learning the development of values and beliefs, the emotional as- pects of learning, and learning as a holistic process. Among the ear- lier humanist theorists, Maslow (1970) developed a hierarchy of needs, beginning at the lowest level with physiological needs, and moving through safety needs, belonging and love, self-esteem, and finally, self-actualization. The work of Maslow and others who fol- lowed up on his hierarchy is important and interesting, but is fo- cused primarily on personal development, not learning in general