All expenditures on research are to be immediately recognized as expenses, and internally generated intangibles such as goodwill cannot be recognized as assets.
After initial recognition in the financial statements, IAS No. 38 indicates that an intangible asset should be measured under one of the following two treatments:
1. Benchmark treatment. Historical cost less any amortization and impairment losses
2. Allowed alternative treatment. Revalued amount (based on fair value) less any subsequent amortization and impairment losses. The main difference from the treatment for revaluations of property, plant, and equipment under IAS No. 16 is that revaluations for intangible assets are permitted only if fair value can be determined by reference to an active market. Active markets are expected to be rare for intangible assets.
The statement requires intangible assets to be amortized over the best esti- mate of their useful life, and it includes the presumption that the useful life of an intangible asset will not exceed 20 years from the date when the asset is available for use. In rare cases, where persuasive evidence suggests that the useful life of an intangible asset will exceed 20 years, an enterprise should amortize the intangible asset over the best estimate of its useful life as well as perform these steps:
1. Test the intangible asset for impairment at least annually in accordance with IAS No. 36, “Impairment of Assets.”
2. Disclose the reasons why the presumption that the useful life of an intan- gible asset will not exceed 20 years is rebutted and also the factor(s) that played a significant role in determining the useful life of the asset.
With respect to goodwill, IFRS No. 3 requires goodwill to be recognized by the acquirer as an asset from the acquisition date and to be initially measured as the excess of the cost of the business combination over the acquirer’s share of the net fair values of the acquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities, and contingent liabilities. SFRS No. 3 prohibits the amortization of goodwill. Instead, goodwill must be tested for impairment at least annually in accordance with IAS No. 36, “Impairment of Assets.”
If the acquirer’s interest in the net fair value of the acquired identifiable net assets exceeds the cost of the business combination, that excess (referred to as negative goodwill) must be recognized immediately in the income statement as a gain. Before concluding that negative goodwill has arisen, however, SFRS No. 3 requires that the acquirer reassess the identification and measurement of the acquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities, and contingent liabilities and the mea- surement of the cost of the combination. These requirements bring international accounting standards in line with U.S. GAAP.
The IASB indicated that its main objective in reissuing IAS No. 39 was to pro- vide additional guidance on selected matters such as when financial assets and financial liabilities may be measured at fair value, how to assess impairment, how to determine fair value, and some aspects of hedge accounting.44 IAS No. 39 indi- cates that an entity should recognize a financial asset or its statement of financial
44. The discussion of accounting for financial liabilities under IAS No. 39 is contained in Chapter 11.
International Accounting Standards 365
366 Chapter 10 • Long-Term Assets II: Investments and Intangibles
position when, and only when, the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
All financial assets are to be recognized on the balance sheet. They are initially measured at cost, which is the fair value of whatever was paid or received to acquire the financial asset. An entity records normal purchases of financial assets on either the trade date or the settlement date, and certain value changes between trade and settlement dates are recognized if settlement date accounting is used. Transaction costs are to be included in the initial measurement of all financial instruments.
Subsequently, most financial assets and liabilities are to be measured at fair value, except for the following, which should be carried at amortized cost:
1. Loans and receivables originated by the enterprise and not held for trading
2. Other fixed maturity investments, such as debt securities and mandatorily redeemable preferred shares, that the enterprise intends, and is able, to hold to maturity
3. Financial assets whose fair value cannot be reliably measured (generally limited to some equity securities with no quoted market price and forwards and options on unquoted equity securities)
Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s-length transaction.
Additionally, an entity is required to assess, at each balance sheet date, whether there is objective evidence of asset impairments. Any impairment losses are mea- sured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated cash flows discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate.
If, in a subsequent period, the amount of the impairment loss relating to a financial asset carried at amortized cost or a debt instrument carried as available for sale decreases owing to an event occurring after the impairment was originally recog- nized, the previously recognized impairment loss is reversed; however, impairments relating to investments in available-for-sale equity instruments are not reversed.
If an entity has neither retained nor transferred substantially all of the risks and rewards of a financial asset, then the entity must assess whether it has relin- quished control of the financial asset or not. If the entity does not control the financial asset, then derecognition is appropriate; however, if the entity has retained control of the asset, then the entity continues to recognize the asset to the extent to which it has a continuing involvement in the asset.
If an asset is to be derecognized, the entity must first determine whether the asset under consideration for derecognition is
• An asset in its entirety
• Specifically identified cash flows from an asset
• A fully proportionate share of the cash flows from an asset
• A fully proportionate share of specifically identified cash flows from a financial asset
The steps to determine if derecognition is appropriate are summarized in Figure 10.1 as a decision tree.
In 2008 the IASB issued a revised IFRS No. 3. Among the changes was an option to permit an entity to recognize 100 percent of the goodwill of an acquired entity, not just the acquiring entity’s portion of the goodwill, with the increased
"
(Schroeder 365-366)
Schroeder, Richard G., Myrtle Clark, Jack Cathey. Financial Accounting Theory and Analysis: Text and Cases, 11th Edition. Wiley, 2013-11-04. VitalBook file.
ค่าใช้จ่ายทั้งหมดในการวิจัยจะสามารถรับรู้เป็นค่าใช้จ่ายทันที และสร้าง intangibles ภายในเช่นค่าความนิยมที่ไม่สามารถรับรู้เป็นสินทรัพย์หลังจากเริ่มรับรู้ในงบการเงิน IAS 38 หมายเลขบ่งชี้ว่า สินทรัพย์ไม่มีตัวตนควรวัดภายใต้การรักษาสองต่อไปนี้อย่างใดอย่างหนึ่ง:1. เกณฑ์มาตรฐานการรักษา ประวัติศาสตร์ต้นทุนตัดจำหน่ายหักใด ๆ และผลขาดทุน2. ได้รับอนุญาตการรักษาอื่น ยอดเงินที่ประเมินค่าใหม่ (ตามธรรม) น้อยผลภายหลังตัดจำหน่ายและผลขาดทุนจากการ ความแตกต่างหลักจากการรักษาสำหรับการประเมินค่าทรัพย์สิน โรงงาน และอุปกรณ์ภายใต้ IAS 16 หมายเลขเป็นที่ปรับมูลค่าสำหรับสินทรัพย์ไม่มีตัวตนจะได้รับอนุญาตเมื่อธรรมสามารถถูกกำหนด โดยอ้างอิงกับตลาดงาน ตลาดงานคาดว่าจะหายากสำหรับสินทรัพย์ไม่มีตัวตนยอดต้องใช้สินทรัพย์ไม่มีตัวตนที่ถูกซึ่งตัดจำหน่ายผ่าน esti-เมทสุดของอายุของพวกเขา และมีข้อสันนิษฐานที่ว่า อายุของสินทรัพย์ไม่มีตัวตนจะไม่เกิน 20 ปีจากวันเมื่อสินทรัพย์ถูกใช้งาน ในบางกรณี ซึ่งหลักฐาน persuasive แนะนำที่อายุการใช้งานของสินทรัพย์ไม่มีตัวตนจะเกิน 20 ปี องค์กรควรตัดจำหน่ายสินทรัพย์ไม่มีตัวตนผ่านการประเมินที่ดีที่สุดอายุ ตลอดจนปฏิบัติตามขั้นตอนเหล่านี้:1. ทดสอบสินทรัพย์ไม่มีตัวตนการด้อยค่าน้อยปีตาม IAS No. 36 "ด้อยค่าของสินทรัพย์"2. เปิดเผยเหตุผลที่ทำไมข้อสันนิษฐานที่ว่า อายุของสินทรัพย์ทัน gible จะไม่เกิน 20 ปีเป็น rebutted และ factor(s) ที่มีบทบาทสำคัญในการกำหนดอายุการใช้งานของสินทรัพย์เกี่ยวกับค่าความนิยม IFRS เลข 3 ต้องกู๊ดวิลล์ acquirer ที่รับรู้เป็นสินทรัพย์จากวันซื้อสินทรัพย์ และเริ่มต้นวัดเป็นเกินต้นทุนของการรวมธุรกิจผ่านของ acquirer หุ้นมูลค่ายุติธรรมสุทธิของของ acquiree ระบุสินทรัพย์ หนี้สิน และหนี้สินกอง SFRS เลข 3 ห้ามทำการตัดจำหน่ายค่าความนิยม แทน ต้องทดสอบค่าความนิยมสำหรับผลน้อยเป็นประจำทุกปีตาม IAS No. 36 "ด้อยค่าของสินทรัพย์"ถ้าสนใจของ acquirer ในมูลค่ายุติธรรมสุทธิของสินทรัพย์สุทธิบุคคลได้รับเกินกว่าต้นทุนของการรวมธุรกิจ เกินนั้น (เรียกว่าค่าความนิยมติดลบ) ต้องรับรู้ทันทีในงบกำไรขาดทุนเป็นกำไร ก่อนที่จะสรุปว่า เกิดค่าความนิยมติดลบ ไร SFRS เลข 3 ต้อง acquirer การประเมินระบุและวัดของ acquiree ระบุสินทรัพย์ หนี้สิน และกองหนี้สินและ mea-surement ต้นทุนของชุด ข้อกำหนดเหล่านี้นำมาตรฐานบัญชีสากลตาม GAAP สหรัฐอเมริกาThe IASB indicated that its main objective in reissuing IAS No. 39 was to pro- vide additional guidance on selected matters such as when financial assets and financial liabilities may be measured at fair value, how to assess impairment, how to determine fair value, and some aspects of hedge accounting.44 IAS No. 39 indi- cates that an entity should recognize a financial asset or its statement of financial44. The discussion of accounting for financial liabilities under IAS No. 39 is contained in Chapter 11.International Accounting Standards 365366 Chapter 10 • Long-Term Assets II: Investments and Intangiblesposition when, and only when, the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.All financial assets are to be recognized on the balance sheet. They are initially measured at cost, which is the fair value of whatever was paid or received to acquire the financial asset. An entity records normal purchases of financial assets on either the trade date or the settlement date, and certain value changes between trade and settlement dates are recognized if settlement date accounting is used. Transaction costs are to be included in the initial measurement of all financial instruments.Subsequently, most financial assets and liabilities are to be measured at fair value, except for the following, which should be carried at amortized cost:1. Loans and receivables originated by the enterprise and not held for trading2. Other fixed maturity investments, such as debt securities and mandatorily redeemable preferred shares, that the enterprise intends, and is able, to hold to maturity3. Financial assets whose fair value cannot be reliably measured (generally limited to some equity securities with no quoted market price and forwards and options on unquoted equity securities)Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s-length transaction.Additionally, an entity is required to assess, at each balance sheet date, whether there is objective evidence of asset impairments. Any impairment losses are mea- sured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated cash flows discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate.If, in a subsequent period, the amount of the impairment loss relating to a financial asset carried at amortized cost or a debt instrument carried as available for sale decreases owing to an event occurring after the impairment was originally recog- nized, the previously recognized impairment loss is reversed; however, impairments relating to investments in available-for-sale equity instruments are not reversed.If an entity has neither retained nor transferred substantially all of the risks and rewards of a financial asset, then the entity must assess whether it has relin- quished control of the financial asset or not. If the entity does not control the financial asset, then derecognition is appropriate; however, if the entity has retained control of the asset, then the entity continues to recognize the asset to the extent to which it has a continuing involvement in the asset.If an asset is to be derecognized, the entity must first determine whether the asset under consideration for derecognition is• An asset in its entirety• Specifically identified cash flows from an asset• A fully proportionate share of the cash flows from an asset• A fully proportionate share of specifically identified cash flows from a financial assetThe steps to determine if derecognition is appropriate are summarized in Figure 10.1 as a decision tree.In 2008 the IASB issued a revised IFRS No. 3. Among the changes was an option to permit an entity to recognize 100 percent of the goodwill of an acquired entity, not just the acquiring entity’s portion of the goodwill, with the increased" (Schroeder 365-366)Schroeder, Richard G., Myrtle Clark, Jack Cathey. Financial Accounting Theory and Analysis: Text and Cases, 11th Edition. Wiley, 2013-11-04. VitalBook file.
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