1. Introduction
Recently, the use of urine-derived human genomic DNA (gDNA)
for genetic analysis has received considerable attention in medical,
athletic and forensic contexts [1–4]. The isolation of DNA from
urine, rather than traditional blood samples is advantageous, since
it reduces the pain and risk of infection associated with venous
blood collection, particularly during athletic competitions, where
urine is the least invasive, and potentially the only source of DNA
available for identifying individuals. The small amounts of nucleated
cells (epithelial, leukocytes, and even exfoliated malignant
cells) and cell-free DNA present in voided urine makes diagnosis
(e.g., K-ras for cancer), genotyping and screening possible [5–10].
The rapid and efficient extraction of human urine gDNA suitable
for molecular identification techniques (e.g., PCR) would be of great
advantage, but is particularly difficult due to the complex composition
of urine. Current gDNA extraction methods use centrifugation
or filtration, which are very time-consuming and labor-intensive
processes that cannot be automated. Further, existing approaches
1. Introduction
Recently, the use of urine-derived human genomic DNA (gDNA)
for genetic analysis has received considerable attention in medical,
athletic and forensic contexts [1–4]. The isolation of DNA from
urine, rather than traditional blood samples is advantageous, since
it reduces the pain and risk of infection associated with venous
blood collection, particularly during athletic competitions, where
urine is the least invasive, and potentially the only source of DNA
available for identifying individuals. The small amounts of nucleated
cells (epithelial, leukocytes, and even exfoliated malignant
cells) and cell-free DNA present in voided urine makes diagnosis
(e.g., K-ras for cancer), genotyping and screening possible [5–10].
The rapid and efficient extraction of human urine gDNA suitable
for molecular identification techniques (e.g., PCR) would be of great
advantage, but is particularly difficult due to the complex composition
of urine. Current gDNA extraction methods use centrifugation
or filtration, which are very time-consuming and labor-intensive
processes that cannot be automated. Further, existing approaches
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