Collectively, these studies test and find that control risk factors arising from organizational
complexity or rapid organizational change (number of segments, foreign transactions,
mergers and acquisitions, restructuring, sales growth, and number of SPEs), relative
investment in internal controls (financial distress, losses, firm age, size, and governance),
and incentives to discover and disclose ICDs (auditor size, recent restatements, and
concentration of institutional investor holdings in the firm) are associated with the
likelihood of reporting an ICD.