Clean cultivation:
It requires the orchard to be always kept free from grasses or any vegetation. This medthod controls the weed and improves moisture retention capacity of the soil. By this practice soil aeration increased and nutrientavailability can also be improved but due to continuous practice, there is soil compaction and deterioration of the soil is observed. Soil status cannot improve without the addition of organic matter or growing any leguminous crops.
High water table:
Water is very essential to obtain the higher yield of good quality fruit but high water table is dangerous for root and affects the plant growth. Therefore, those soils having water beyond 2 m from the soil surface should be selected for orchard plantation. High water table areas having waterlogged conditions are also not suitable for planting of and orchard. When water table goes up and it reaches the root zone area than root or root hairs get damaged. In case the water table goes down, the fruits trees with their root system have to struggle for the required nutrient and moisture. Some fruit plants like detepalm and guava can tolerate high water table than the citrus and papaya which are damaged by excessive water in the sub-soil.