Having gauged the decisions that are important to the firm and the extent to which marketing science has influenced them, we examine the tools that provide one route by which that influence is felt. In Table 4, we present the average impact of marketing science tools on marketing practice, as perceived by academics, intermediaries and managers. We also provide a split of manager perceptions, according to whether they are in a B2B, B2C, or both B2B and B2C firm.