A related criticism concerns the way in which researchers in the GLOBE study measured leadership. They selected six global leadership behaviors charismatic/value-based, team-oriented. participative. humane-oriented, autonomous. and self-protective leader that were derived from an analysis of subjects responses to hundreds of other attributes believed to be related to outstanding leadership. Each of the six global leadership behaviors was measured by a series of subscales However, the subscales represented a very broad range of behaviors and as a result compromised the precision and validity of the leadership measures. Finally, the GLOBE studies provide a provocative list of universally endorsed desirable and undesirable leadership attributes. The attributes identified in the GLOBE studies are comparable to the list of traits we dis- cussed in Chapter 2. However, as with the trait approach, it is difficult to identify a set of universal attributes in isolation from the context in which the leadership occurs. The GLOBE studies tend to isolate a set of attrib utes that are characteristic of effective leaders without considering the influence of the situational effects.