She measured problem-solving performance by examining student ability to solve management problems assessed using video-stimulated interview. Students watched a teacher deal inappropriately with the problem and were asked, "What suggestions would you offer for improving outcome?" Interview responses were coded in terms of five problem-solving strategies: (a) problem identification (identification or clarification of the problem), (b) generating alternative plans and solutions, (c) reflecting on the consequences of the plan's actions, (d) self-awareness and metacognitive activity during the interview, and (e) evaluative skills for reflecting on and critiquing teaching. Finally, they completed a problem-solving inventory.