LITERATURE REVIEW
LITERATURE REVIEW
CSRD has found an increasing amount of attention in both academic and business arenas. Such disclosure includes the provision of information on human resource aspects, products and services, involvement in community activities and environmental reporting. Gray et al. (1995) state that “… It is not restricted necessarily by reference to selected information recipients, and the information deemed to be CSR may, ultimately, embrace any subject …”. Many quarters have recognized this view of CSR as a broad concept. The European Commission (2001 as cited in Hartman, LP et al. 2007) considers that a cleaner environment and a better society are good examples regarding CSR as a concept whereby companies decide voluntarily. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) (1998) defines CSR as “the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as the local community and society at large” (Holme and Watts, 2000). Currently, making profits and elements of CSR and accountability are considered the main objectives of business organizations in order to maintain corporate reputation and appropriate performance whereas in the previous years, the main objective of business organizations is making profits (Ghazali 2007).
A growth in nonfinancial reporting (disclosure) has relied on the evolution of the concept of CSR. This means, the company is responsible for its actions. Indeed, stakeholders are asking companies to disclose both social and environmental activities and their ability to improve the corporate process through nonfinancial reporting. In this regard, identifying, monitoring, and reporting all social, environmental, and economic effects of its operation on society at large are concrete evidence that companies are committed to continual, long-term improvement, if they want to gain their stakeholders’ trust and build a good reputation in the market (Brammer & Pavelin 2004).
Responsibilities of companies differ between their stakeholders regarding economic, legal, and social issues in order to improve organisational performance in terms of financial performance, employee commitment, and corporate reputation. In addition, the strategy of Corporate social responsibility is important (policy, programme or process) when it yields substantial business- related benefits to the firm, in particular by supporting core business activities and thus contributing to the firm's effectiveness in accomplishing its mission (Burke & Logsdon 1996). The blending of these responsibilities into complete corporate policy without losing sight of any of its commitment is the main challenge for the company.
Additionally, in the long-term, the commitment of the company toward its stakeholders often leads to improved organisational performance. In other words, while the economic responsibility of the company might conflict with its social responsibility in the short-term, at the same time, they can work together to improve the company’s image. Thus, this does not mean that a socially responsible company cannot be as profitable as others.Currently, the common concept of CSR involves companies voluntarily disclosing social and environmental concerns in their operations to stakeholders. It includes some complex issues such as environmental protection, human resources management, health and safety at work, relations with local communities, and relations with suppliers and consumers. In addition, Friedman (2002) presented the most famous definition of CSR as the economic concept of market value maximization that has support from shareholders. He asserts that the profit demands of the owners or shareholders and the basic
regulations of society are consistent with the responsibility of a company.
As evidence of adherence by companies to CSR and sustainable development concepts, there is a growth in numbers of multinational corporations, as well as small- and medium-sized companies, adopting social and environmental reporting practices. In a similar vein, the right way towards an overall comprehension
of what practitioners consider efficient and appropriate socially responsible behaviour is represented by reporting-based analyses (David 2005).
A company should disclose both the positive and negative impacts of its business operations on labour standards, the environment, economic development, and human rights by CSR reporting. Furthermore, as a result of a general growth of the overall number of companies producing CSR reporting, currently there is an expansion of CSR reporting to include a broad focus on social, economic, and governance issues although reporting was focused almost entirely on occupational health and safety and environmental issues (O‘Rourke 2004). This means that most companies focuses on some categories such as environmental, employees and consumers issues and disregards community involvement issues. CSRD has several roles that include: Assessing the impacts of CSR activities; measuring the effectiveness of CSR programs; Reporting on CSR; and External and internal information systems allowing the comprehensive assessment of all corporate resources and sustainability impacts (Jenkins & Yakovleva
2006 Gray 2001; Gray et al. 1997; Mathews 1997).
Two different types of motivation can lead companies to engage in CSR activities and disclosure. The first motivation is that some companies consider CSR activities and disclosure may bring a competitive advantage. For example, they think that having good relations with their stakeholders will result in good financial performance, employee commitment, and corporate reputation by assisting in developing valuable intangible assets. External pressures (government, shareholders, consumers, etc.) are considered the second motivation which causes other companies to engage in CSR activities and disclosure (Branco & Rodrigues 2008). These companies think that not doing CSR activities and disclosure will result in loss
t of profitability, reputation and must be addressed to mitigate the effects. Social responsibility activities and disclosure constitute mainly a legitimacy instrument used by a company to demonstrate its adherence toward stakeholders in order to increase or maintain their financial performance, their image and their relationship with their stakeholders.
LITERATURE REVIEW
LITERATURE REVIEW
CSRD has found an increasing amount of attention in both academic and business arenas. Such disclosure includes the provision of information on human resource aspects, products and services, involvement in community activities and environmental reporting. Gray et al. (1995) state that “… It is not restricted necessarily by reference to selected information recipients, and the information deemed to be CSR may, ultimately, embrace any subject …”. Many quarters have recognized this view of CSR as a broad concept. The European Commission (2001 as cited in Hartman, LP et al. 2007) considers that a cleaner environment and a better society are good examples regarding CSR as a concept whereby companies decide voluntarily. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) (1998) defines CSR as “the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as the local community and society at large” (Holme and Watts, 2000). Currently, making profits and elements of CSR and accountability are considered the main objectives of business organizations in order to maintain corporate reputation and appropriate performance whereas in the previous years, the main objective of business organizations is making profits (Ghazali 2007).
A growth in nonfinancial reporting (disclosure) has relied on the evolution of the concept of CSR. This means, the company is responsible for its actions. Indeed, stakeholders are asking companies to disclose both social and environmental activities and their ability to improve the corporate process through nonfinancial reporting. In this regard, identifying, monitoring, and reporting all social, environmental, and economic effects of its operation on society at large are concrete evidence that companies are committed to continual, long-term improvement, if they want to gain their stakeholders’ trust and build a good reputation in the market (Brammer & Pavelin 2004).
Responsibilities of companies differ between their stakeholders regarding economic, legal, and social issues in order to improve organisational performance in terms of financial performance, employee commitment, and corporate reputation. In addition, the strategy of Corporate social responsibility is important (policy, programme or process) when it yields substantial business- related benefits to the firm, in particular by supporting core business activities and thus contributing to the firm's effectiveness in accomplishing its mission (Burke & Logsdon 1996). The blending of these responsibilities into complete corporate policy without losing sight of any of its commitment is the main challenge for the company.
Additionally, in the long-term, the commitment of the company toward its stakeholders often leads to improved organisational performance. In other words, while the economic responsibility of the company might conflict with its social responsibility in the short-term, at the same time, they can work together to improve the company’s image. Thus, this does not mean that a socially responsible company cannot be as profitable as others.Currently, the common concept of CSR involves companies voluntarily disclosing social and environmental concerns in their operations to stakeholders. It includes some complex issues such as environmental protection, human resources management, health and safety at work, relations with local communities, and relations with suppliers and consumers. In addition, Friedman (2002) presented the most famous definition of CSR as the economic concept of market value maximization that has support from shareholders. He asserts that the profit demands of the owners or shareholders and the basic
regulations of society are consistent with the responsibility of a company.
As evidence of adherence by companies to CSR and sustainable development concepts, there is a growth in numbers of multinational corporations, as well as small- and medium-sized companies, adopting social and environmental reporting practices. In a similar vein, the right way towards an overall comprehension
of what practitioners consider efficient and appropriate socially responsible behaviour is represented by reporting-based analyses (David 2005).
A company should disclose both the positive and negative impacts of its business operations on labour standards, the environment, economic development, and human rights by CSR reporting. Furthermore, as a result of a general growth of the overall number of companies producing CSR reporting, currently there is an expansion of CSR reporting to include a broad focus on social, economic, and governance issues although reporting was focused almost entirely on occupational health and safety and environmental issues (O‘Rourke 2004). This means that most companies focuses on some categories such as environmental, employees and consumers issues and disregards community involvement issues. CSRD has several roles that include: Assessing the impacts of CSR activities; measuring the effectiveness of CSR programs; Reporting on CSR; and External and internal information systems allowing the comprehensive assessment of all corporate resources and sustainability impacts (Jenkins & Yakovleva
2006 Gray 2001; Gray et al. 1997; Mathews 1997).
Two different types of motivation can lead companies to engage in CSR activities and disclosure. The first motivation is that some companies consider CSR activities and disclosure may bring a competitive advantage. For example, they think that having good relations with their stakeholders will result in good financial performance, employee commitment, and corporate reputation by assisting in developing valuable intangible assets. External pressures (government, shareholders, consumers, etc.) are considered the second motivation which causes other companies to engage in CSR activities and disclosure (Branco & Rodrigues 2008). These companies think that not doing CSR activities and disclosure will result in loss
t of profitability, reputation and must be addressed to mitigate the effects. Social responsibility activities and disclosure constitute mainly a legitimacy instrument used by a company to demonstrate its adherence toward stakeholders in order to increase or maintain their financial performance, their image and their relationship with their stakeholders.
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