• Managerial (administration) career – only nurses
with an MA degree in nursing and/or public
health may apply for managerial positions such
as nurse manager, or vice-director for nursing
at secondary, tertiary or quaternary health care
level (Torrey, 2014) institutions;
• Academic (teaching) career – nurses with a professional
BA degree may work as mentors for
student practice at health care institution and
the college. Nurses with a university BA may
work as teachers of practice-related study subjects
such as ‘nursing manipulations and techniques’
or can be mentors of nursing practice at
college. Nurses only with MA degree level education
may start their lecturing career at college
level and deliver academic study subjects. Only
nurses with PhD level education may work at
university level as lecturers/teachers;
• Research (scientific) career – only nurses with an
MA degree may continue a career in applied
research at college, and only nurses with a PhD
degree could continue their scientific work at
university and at tertiary and quaternary health
care level hospitals.
The term such as ‘nurse manager’ means the
formal title of the work position for heads or formal
leaders in nursing on hospital wards. In the
country (Lithuania) studied, nurse managers on
the ward are subordinate to the head physician on
the ward as well as to the head nurse of the hospital/
vice-director for nursing. The term ‘nurse
manager’ is identical to such terms as ‘middle
manager’ in management or ‘head nurse’ in nursing
management, and means the nurse (formal)
leader who is responsible for the supervision and
management of the administrative and clinical
aspects of nursing on the ward.