In addition to studies of organizational populations, there have been multiple studies that have
looked at individual cases or organizations. Pellow (2001), who works in the political economic
tradition, uses a comparative case study approach to update political process theory and its relevance
to environmental justice. Analyzing two cases of movement, governmental, and corporate organizational
interactions over the siting of two toxic sites, he suggests that environmental movement
organizations that recognize the weakening of state power and strengthening of corporate power and
adjust their tactics accordingly are more likely to succeed. In their study of Friends of the Earth and
Greenpeace, two organizations with no corporate ties, Carmin and Balser (2002) explicitly use cognitive
organizational perspectives on sense making and merge these with Tilly’s concept of organizational repertoires of collective actions. They find that experience, core values and beliefs,
environmental philosophy, and political ideology work together to create organizational interpretations
of the political environment and tactical efficacy.