Methods
Epidemiological studies that included OP pesticide exposure assessment and neurobehavioral testing were identified through literature searches in PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, SciVerse Scopus, SpringerLink, SciELO, and DOAJ databases. Search terms included: “organophosphate AND pesticides AND children”; “pesticides AND children AND neurobehavioral”; “organophosphate pesticides AND children AND neurobehavioral”; and “chlorpyrifos AND pesticides AND neurodevelopment”. Criteria for inclusion in the review included: 1) exposure assessment for OP pesticides; (2) neurological effects assessed; (3) participants 0–18 years; and (4) studies published from 2002 to 2012. The languages of publication considered were English and Spanish. We identified a total of 461 articles with our search terms, after excluding duplicate articles we screened 441 articles, from which 29 met our eligibility criteria and finally only 27 articles were included in this review (Fig. 1). From each study, we extracted information about the population characteristics, study design, instruments used for measuring effects (Table 2) and exposure, results, and confounders controlled. Each study was assessed for its individual strengths and was given a rating based upon: (1) exposure assessment methods used; (2) neurodevelopmental assessments used; (3) study design; (4) sample size; and (5) whether important confounders were appropriately controlled. To give the rating to each study, it was assigned a score of 0 to 2 for each of 5 parameters. The characteristics of these five parameters and the ranking scheme are described in more detail in Table 3. Studies were classified into three mutually exclusive categories: Low (0–2 points), Intermediate (3–7 points), and High (8–10 points). The studies rated in the High category were given more consideration in our conclusions than those in the other two categories.
Methods
Epidemiological studies that included OP pesticide exposure assessment and neurobehavioral testing were identified through literature searches in PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, SciVerse Scopus, SpringerLink, SciELO, and DOAJ databases. Search terms included: “organophosphate AND pesticides AND children”; “pesticides AND children AND neurobehavioral”; “organophosphate pesticides AND children AND neurobehavioral”; and “chlorpyrifos AND pesticides AND neurodevelopment”. Criteria for inclusion in the review included: 1) exposure assessment for OP pesticides; (2) neurological effects assessed; (3) participants 0–18 years; and (4) studies published from 2002 to 2012. The languages of publication considered were English and Spanish. We identified a total of 461 articles with our search terms, after excluding duplicate articles we screened 441 articles, from which 29 met our eligibility criteria and finally only 27 articles were included in this review (Fig. 1). From each study, we extracted information about the population characteristics, study design, instruments used for measuring effects (Table 2) and exposure, results, and confounders controlled. Each study was assessed for its individual strengths and was given a rating based upon: (1) exposure assessment methods used; (2) neurodevelopmental assessments used; (3) study design; (4) sample size; and (5) whether important confounders were appropriately controlled. To give the rating to each study, it was assigned a score of 0 to 2 for each of 5 parameters. The characteristics of these five parameters and the ranking scheme are described in more detail in Table 3. Studies were classified into three mutually exclusive categories: Low (0–2 points), Intermediate (3–7 points), and High (8–10 points). The studies rated in the High category were given more consideration in our conclusions than those in the other two categories.
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