Male Wistar rats (8 weeks of age, specific-pathogen free)
were purchased from Kyudo (Kumamoto, Japan) and were
housed at an animal center of Kyushu University, Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, under a 12-h light/12-h dark
cycle for 1 week (lights on at 07:00 a.m.). They were given free
access to food (diet type NMF, Oriental Yeast, Tokyo, Japan) and
water. Male beagle dogs (Kitayama labes, Ina, Japan) and male
ddY/DAO+ mice (self-established strain) were used to collect
the urine samples.