2.2.1. Low Thermodynamic Stability
One should note that as nanometer-sized particles have very
high specific surface area and high surface energy, and tend to
form agglomerates, they are therefore difficult to disperse and
mix them with carbon black and binder to produce electrodes.
Thus, the contact resistance of an electrode using nanometersized
particles is much higher than that of commercial one,
which explains the failing of performance (e.g., capacity
fading) frequently happens in some cases.
Another drawback of nanometer-sized electrode materials
is the pronounced electrochemical agglomeration during
electrochemical cycling. For example, nano-SnSb undergoes
successive agglomeration during Li insertion and extraction,
which consequently leads to quick capacity fading.[16]
2.2.2. High Surface Reactions
The high surface area of nanoparticles also raises the risk of
secondary reactions involving electrolyte decomposition
between electrode and electrolyte, which causes a high level
of irreversibility (low columbic efficiency) and poor cycle life.
For nanostructured electrode materials, the stabilized electrochemical
windows become narrow compared with bulk
materials. In nanometer-sized anodes, thick solid electrolyte
interphase (SEI) films commonly form, which consume lots of
the Li ions supplied by cathodes. Furthermore, it has been found
2.2.1. Low Thermodynamic Stability
One should note that as nanometer-sized particles have very
high specific surface area and high surface energy, and tend to
form agglomerates, they are therefore difficult to disperse and
mix them with carbon black and binder to produce electrodes.
Thus, the contact resistance of an electrode using nanometersized
particles is much higher than that of commercial one,
which explains the failing of performance (e.g., capacity
fading) frequently happens in some cases.
Another drawback of nanometer-sized electrode materials
is the pronounced electrochemical agglomeration during
electrochemical cycling. For example, nano-SnSb undergoes
successive agglomeration during Li insertion and extraction,
which consequently leads to quick capacity fading.[16]
2.2.2. High Surface Reactions
The high surface area of nanoparticles also raises the risk of
secondary reactions involving electrolyte decomposition
between electrode and electrolyte, which causes a high level
of irreversibility (low columbic efficiency) and poor cycle life.
For nanostructured electrode materials, the stabilized electrochemical
windows become narrow compared with bulk
materials. In nanometer-sized anodes, thick solid electrolyte
interphase (SEI) films commonly form, which consume lots of
the Li ions supplied by cathodes. Furthermore, it has been found
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