The relatively sparse reports on Panthis suggest that most participate in anal penetration (versus receptive) and do not necessarily self-identify as MSM. Regardless of the MSM group, low condom use, multiple partners, and a high rate of other STDs place these individuals at increased risk for HIV infection. Within this paper, data referring to "MSM" usually do not include Hijra; they include only Kothi and Panthi. Data for Hijra are presented separately, where available.