They have multiple functions that include
cell aggregation, formation of a protective barrier, retention of water
and adhesion to surfaces. During long-term MBR operation, EPS clog
the pores and form a strongly attached fouling layer [4].
SMP are the soluble microbial components released by lysis,
diffused through cell membrane, lost during synthesis or excreted for
some purpose. During filtration, SMP can be absorbed on membrane
surface, blocking its pores and forming a gel structure that can act as a
nutrient source for microorganisms and as a barrier for permeate flux