Introduction
Omental patching began in 1937, when Dr. Graham of Toronto reported 51 cases of perforated peptic ulcer successfully treated with an omental patch.[1] In Dr. Graham’s initial cases, he concluded that routine gastro-enterostomy was unnecessary, the omental patch being more than sufficient for closure of the duodenal perforation. More than 70 years since its initial description, this technique is still extremely useful in selected patients with perforated duodenal ulcers.
Indications
The goal of an operative procedure for perforated duodenal ulcers is to provide durable repair of the injury with appropriate source control and limitation of parietal cell acid production. Control over gastric acidity has been traditionally gained using vagotomy and drainage or parietal cell vagotomy. However, since the introduction of proton pump inhibitors, chemical vagotomy has decreased the rate of surgical vagotomy because of the high efficiency of proton pump inhibitors in preventing acid production with relative ease.
The discovery that most ulcers can be treated by eradication of Helicobacter pylori has further fueled the move toward minimalist damage-control omental patching in this setting. The modern operative approach to a perforated duodenal ulcer can include omental patch alone with postoperative use of proton pump inhibitors and eradication of H pylori, as indicated; or it can include an omental patch with surgical control of gastric acid by vagotomy and drainage, parietal cell vagotomy, or antrectomy. The choice of operation is dictated by the pathology responsible for the perforation, the patient’s premorbid health status, the patient’s perioperative hemodynamic status, and the degree of contamination of the peritoneum that has been found.
In circumstances of generalized peritonitis, hemodynamic instability with shock, perforation for more than 24 hours, perforation clearly associated with NSAID use, or if the patient has not had significant symptoms for 3 months before the procedure, the omental patch alone is indicated. Addition of parietal cell vagotomy or vagotomy and drainage can be performed in a certain population of patients as delineated below. Nevertheless, most patients respond well to postoperative treatment of H pylori and chemical vagotomy with proton pump inhibitors; mortality, morbidity, and ulcer recurrence with omental patch repair have all been shown to be extremely low.[2, 3]
Many speculate that the balance will shift further away from definitive anti-acid surgical intervention in the future because fewer and fewer vagotomies are being performed, and the newest surgical trainees, therefore, have less experience in performing these procedures than did the previous surgical generation. Whether or not the recent demonstration that long-term proton pump inhibitor use is associated with an increased incidence of hip fractures in the elderly skews this balance in the opposite direction remains to be seen.
Omental patch repair has also been incorporated in the management of perforated gastric ulcers. Perforated prepyloric or pyloric ulcers are amenable to closure with omental patch with minimal tension due to the close proximity of the injury. Gastric ulcers in atypical locations (more proximal) or with features suggestive of malignancy should not be patched but wedge-resected unless biopsy and other measures can assure that they are benign. The conservative approach of omental patch repair seems attractive, especially when extensive inflammatory reaction of the pylorus and duodenum is observed, the patient has a poor hemodynamic status, and rapid control of the septic source is required.
Noticed with a frequency of 15%, gastric outlet obstruction is a recognized postoperative complication of patched pyloric or prepyloric ulcers.[4] If the ulcer is large and the patient is stable, this complication can be prevented by excision of the ulcer and incorporation of the repair into a Heinecke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty. Another indication for this type of repair is in duodenal defects larger than 1 cm in size to allow for prevention of stricture and subsequent obstruction. In clinically stable patients, distal gastrectomy or antrectomy and vagotomy are more aggressive but more definitive surgical options.
Relative indications for adding surgical acid control to an omental patch are as follows:
Hemodynamic stability (localized peritonitis and minimal spillage of gastroduodenal contents)
Short duration of preoperative acute symptoms (< 12-24 hours)
Failure of medical therapy
Noncompliance with medical therapy
Need for postoperative NSAIDs
H pylori negative testing
Chronic history of peptic ulcer
Introduction
Omental patching began in 1937, when Dr. Graham of Toronto reported 51 cases of perforated peptic ulcer successfully treated with an omental patch.[1] In Dr. Graham’s initial cases, he concluded that routine gastro-enterostomy was unnecessary, the omental patch being more than sufficient for closure of the duodenal perforation. More than 70 years since its initial description, this technique is still extremely useful in selected patients with perforated duodenal ulcers.
Indications
The goal of an operative procedure for perforated duodenal ulcers is to provide durable repair of the injury with appropriate source control and limitation of parietal cell acid production. Control over gastric acidity has been traditionally gained using vagotomy and drainage or parietal cell vagotomy. However, since the introduction of proton pump inhibitors, chemical vagotomy has decreased the rate of surgical vagotomy because of the high efficiency of proton pump inhibitors in preventing acid production with relative ease.
The discovery that most ulcers can be treated by eradication of Helicobacter pylori has further fueled the move toward minimalist damage-control omental patching in this setting. The modern operative approach to a perforated duodenal ulcer can include omental patch alone with postoperative use of proton pump inhibitors and eradication of H pylori, as indicated; or it can include an omental patch with surgical control of gastric acid by vagotomy and drainage, parietal cell vagotomy, or antrectomy. The choice of operation is dictated by the pathology responsible for the perforation, the patient’s premorbid health status, the patient’s perioperative hemodynamic status, and the degree of contamination of the peritoneum that has been found.
In circumstances of generalized peritonitis, hemodynamic instability with shock, perforation for more than 24 hours, perforation clearly associated with NSAID use, or if the patient has not had significant symptoms for 3 months before the procedure, the omental patch alone is indicated. Addition of parietal cell vagotomy or vagotomy and drainage can be performed in a certain population of patients as delineated below. Nevertheless, most patients respond well to postoperative treatment of H pylori and chemical vagotomy with proton pump inhibitors; mortality, morbidity, and ulcer recurrence with omental patch repair have all been shown to be extremely low.[2, 3]
Many speculate that the balance will shift further away from definitive anti-acid surgical intervention in the future because fewer and fewer vagotomies are being performed, and the newest surgical trainees, therefore, have less experience in performing these procedures than did the previous surgical generation. Whether or not the recent demonstration that long-term proton pump inhibitor use is associated with an increased incidence of hip fractures in the elderly skews this balance in the opposite direction remains to be seen.
Omental patch repair has also been incorporated in the management of perforated gastric ulcers. Perforated prepyloric or pyloric ulcers are amenable to closure with omental patch with minimal tension due to the close proximity of the injury. Gastric ulcers in atypical locations (more proximal) or with features suggestive of malignancy should not be patched but wedge-resected unless biopsy and other measures can assure that they are benign. The conservative approach of omental patch repair seems attractive, especially when extensive inflammatory reaction of the pylorus and duodenum is observed, the patient has a poor hemodynamic status, and rapid control of the septic source is required.
Noticed with a frequency of 15%, gastric outlet obstruction is a recognized postoperative complication of patched pyloric or prepyloric ulcers.[4] If the ulcer is large and the patient is stable, this complication can be prevented by excision of the ulcer and incorporation of the repair into a Heinecke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty. Another indication for this type of repair is in duodenal defects larger than 1 cm in size to allow for prevention of stricture and subsequent obstruction. In clinically stable patients, distal gastrectomy or antrectomy and vagotomy are more aggressive but more definitive surgical options.
Relative indications for adding surgical acid control to an omental patch are as follows:
Hemodynamic stability (localized peritonitis and minimal spillage of gastroduodenal contents)
Short duration of preoperative acute symptoms (< 12-24 hours)
Failure of medical therapy
Noncompliance with medical therapy
Need for postoperative NSAIDs
H pylori negative testing
Chronic history of peptic ulcer
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