The concept of ‘effective population size’ (Ne), which quantifies how quickly a population will lose genetic
variability, is one of the most important contributions of theoretical evolutionary biology to practical conservation
management. Ne is often much lower than actual population size: how much so depends on key life history
and demographic parameters, such as mating systems and population connectivity, that often remain unknown
for species of conservation concern. Molecular techniques allow the indirect study of these parameters, as well as
the estimation of current and historical Ne. Here, we use genotyping to assess the genetic health of an important
population of the critically endangered hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), a slow-to-mature, difficult-toobserve
species with a long history of severe overhunting. Our results were surprisingly positive: we found that
the study population, located in the Republic of Seychelles, Indian Ocean, has a relatively large Ne, estimated to
exceed 1000, and showed no evidence of a recent reduction in Ne (i.e. no genetic bottleneck). Furthermore,
molecular inferences suggest the species' mating system is conducive to maintaining a large Ne, with a relatively
large and widely distributed male population promoting considerable gene flow amongst nesting sites across the
Seychelles area. This may also be reinforced by the movement of females between nesting sites. Our study
underlines how molecular techniques can help to inform conservation biology. In this case our results suggest
that this important hawksbill pop