Bass and Avolio's (1990) model is philosophically similar to Kouzes and
Posner's conceptualization of leadership practices although the former represents
transformational and transactional leadership as relatively independent concepts.
However, Bass (1985a) suggests that good leaders can demonstrate both types of
leadership. In fact, Bass proposed that transformational leadership augments or boosts the
effects of transactional leadership on the outcomes of followers' satisfaction and
performance. Kouzes and Posner's leadership model integrates both transformational and
transactional leadership concepts within the five leadership practices (Fields & Herold,
1997). Leaders tend to use the composite of all or most of Kouzes and Posner's five
leadership practices rather than implement one practice at a time (Shoemaker, 1999).