Perhaps YMSM who are uncomfortable dealing with issues of sexual orientation would not frequent the venues or attend the youth groups from which we recruited participants, therefore limiting the generalizability of our findings. Certainly, studies with other samples of YMSM who have fewer social resources are needed, although the chal lenges of locating and recruiting socially isolated and/or “closeted” gay youth are mammoth. Also, future studies should test the hypothesis that affective states and negative beliefs mediate the relationship between impulsivity and risky sexual behavior.