Chicken breasts were supplied fresh and quickly prepared for the battering and pre-frying steps. Samples (5-cm long, 2-cm wide, and 1-cm thick) were cut manually and controlled to have a uniform weight. A tempura/puff batter style was used in the experiments. Chicken nuggets (about 15 g) were individually immersed into different batter formulas for 30 s and allowed to drip for 10 s. The basic formula contained equal amounts of corn and wheat flours. Thesolid : water ratioof the batter was 1:1.2 (w/v), and each type of batter contained 1 g salt, 1g HPMC, and 0.5 g leavening agent per 100 g corn and wheat flour mixture. GSE has GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) status and a no-observed-adverse effect level in rats of 1.78 g/kg of body weight/day, which is a much higher concentration than normally used in food applications (Bentivegna and Whitney 2002)