The SOLAS Convention in its success

The SOLAS Convention in its successive forms is generally regarded as the most important of all international treaties concerning the safety of merchant ships. The first version was adopted in 1914, in response to the Titanic disaster, the second in 1929, the third in 1948, and the fourth in 1960. The 1974 version includes the tacit acceptance procedure - which provides that an amendment shall enter into force on a specified date unless, before that date, objections to the amendment are received from an agreed number of Parties.

As a result the 1974 Convention has been updated and amended on numerous occasions. The Convention in force today is sometimes referred to as SOLAS, 1974, as amended.

Technical provisions
The main objective of the SOLAS Convention is to specify minimum standards for the construction, equipment and operation of ships, compatible with their safety. Flag States are responsible for ensuring that ships under their flag comply with its requirements, and a number of certificates are prescribed in the Convention as proof that this has been done. Control provisions also allow Contracting Governments to inspect ships of other Contracting States if there are clear grounds for believing that the ship and its equipment do not substantially comply with the requirements of the Convention - this procedure is known as port State control. The​ current SOLAS Convention includes Articles setting out general obligations, amendment procedure and so on, followed by an Annex divided into 12 Chapters.
 
Chapter I - General Provisions
Includes regulations concerning the survey of the various types of ships and the issuing of documents signifying that the ship meets the requirements of the Convention. The Chapter also includes provisions for the control of ships in ports of other Contracting Governments.

Chapter II-1 - Construction - Subdivision and stability, machinery and electrical installations
The subdivision of passenger ships into watertight compartments must be such that after assumed damage to the ship's hull the vessel will remain afloat and stable. Requirements for watertight integrity and bilge pumping arrangements for passenger ships are also laid down as well as stability requirements for both passenger and cargo ships.
 
The degree of subdivision - measured by the maximum permissible distance between two adjacent bulkheads - varies with ship's length and the service in which it is engaged. The highest degree of subdivision applies to passenger ships.
 
Requirements covering machinery and electrical installations are designed to ensure that services which are essential for the safety of the ship, passengers and crew are maintained under various emergency conditions.
 
"Goal-based standards" for oil tankers and bulk carriers were adopted in 2010,  requiring new ships to be designed and constructed for a specified design life and to be safe and environmentally friendly, in intact and specified damage conditions, throughout their life. Under the regulation, ships should have adequate strength, integrity and stability to minimize the risk of loss of the ship or pollution to the marine environment due to structural failure, including collapse, resulting in flooding or loss of watertight integrity.
 
Chapter II-2 - Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction
Includes detailed fire safety provisions for all ships and specific measures for passenger ships, cargo ships and tankers.
 
They include the following principles: division of the ship into main and vertical zones by thermal and structural boundaries; separation of accommodation spaces from the remainder of the ship by thermal and structural boundaries; restricted use of combustible materials; detection of any fire in the zone of origin; containment and extinction of any fire in the space of origin; protection of the means of escape or of access for fire-fighting purposes; ready availability of fire-extinguishing appliances; minimization of the possibility of ignition of flammable cargo vapour.

Chapter III - Life-saving appliances and arrangements
The Chapter includes requirements for life-saving appliances and arrangements, including requirements for life boats, rescue boats and life jackets according to type of ship. The International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code gives specific technical requirements for LSAs and is mandatory under Regulation 34, which states that all life-saving appliances and arrangements shall comply with the applicable requirements of the LSA Code.

Chapter IV - Radiocommunications
The Chapter incorporates the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). All passenger ships and all cargo ships of 300 gross tonnage and upwards on international voyages are required to carry equipment designed to improve the chances of rescue following an accident, including satellite emergency position indicating radio beacons (EPIRBs) and search and rescue transponders (SARTs) for the location of the ship or survival craft.
Regulations in Chapter IV cover undertakings by contracting governments to provide radiocommunication services as well as ship requirements for carriage of radiocommunications equipment. The Chapter is closely linked to the Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union.

Chapter V - Safety of navigation
Chapter V identifies certain navigation safety services which should be provided by Contracting Governments and sets forth provisions of an operational nature applicable in general to all ships on all voyages. This is in contrast to the Convention as a whole, which only applies to certain classes of ship engaged on international voyages.
 
The subjects covered include the maintenance of meteorological services for ships; the ice patrol service; routeing of ships; and the maintenance of search and rescue services.
 
This Chapter also includes a general obligation for masters to proceed to the assistance of those in distress and for Contracting Governments to ensure that all ships shall be sufficiently and efficiently manned from a safety point of view.
 
The chapter makes mandatory the carriage of voyage data recorders (VDRs) and automatic ship identification systems (AIS).

Chapter VI - Carriage of Cargoes
The Chapter covers all types of cargo (except liquids and gases in bulk) "which, owing to their particular hazards to ships or persons on board, may require special precautions". The regulations include requirements for stowage and securing of cargo or cargo units (such as containers). The Chapter requires cargo ships carrying grain to comply with the International Grain Code.
 
Chapter VII - Carriage of dangerous goods
The regulations are contained in three parts:
Part A - Carriage of dangerous goods in packaged form - includes provisions for the classification, packing, marking, labelling and placarding, documentation and stowage of dangerous goods. Contracting Governments are required to issue instructions at the national level and the Chapter makes mandatory the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, developed by IMO, which is constantly updated to accommodate new dangerous goods and to supplement or revise existing provisions.
 
Part A-1 - Carriage of dangerous goods in solid form in bulk - covers the documentation, stowage and segregation requirements for these goods and requires reporting of incidents involving such goods.
 
Part B covers Construction and equipment of ships carrying dangerous liquid chemicals in bulk and requires chemical tankers to comply with the International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC Code).
 
Part C covers Construction and equipment of ships carrying liquefied gases in bulk and gas carriers to comply with the requirements of the International Gas Carrier Code (IGC Code).
 
Part D includes special requirements for the carriage of packaged irradiated nuclear fuel, plutonium and high-level radioactive wastes on board ships and requires ships carrying such products to comply with the International Code for the Safe Carriage of Packaged Irradiated Nuclear Fuel, Plutonium and High-Level Radioactive Wastes on Board Ships (INF Code).
 
The chapter requires carriage of dangerous goods to be in compliance with the relevant provisions of the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code).

Chapter VIII - Nuclear ships
Gives basic requirements for nuclear-powered ships and is particularly concerned with radiation hazards. It refers to detailed and comprehensive Code of Safety for Nuclear Merchant Ships which was adopted by the IMO Assembly in 1981.
 
Chapter IX - Management for the Safe Operation of Ships
The Chapter makes mandatory the International Safety Management (ISM) Code, which requires a safety management system to be established by the shipowner or any person who has assumed responsibility for the ship (the "Company").
 
Chapter X - Safety measures for high-speed craft
The Chapter makes mandatory the International Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft (HSC Code).
 
Chapter XI-1 - Special measures to enhance maritime safety
The Chapter clarifies requirements relating to authorization of recognized organizations (responsible for carrying out surveys and inspections on Administrations' behalves); enhanced surveys; ship identification number scheme; and port State control on operational requirements.

Chapter XI-2 - Special measures to enhance maritime security
Regulation XI-2/3 of the  chapter enshrines the International Ship and Port Facilities Security Code (ISPS Code). Part A of the Code is mandatory and part B contains guidance as to how best to comply with the mandatory requirements. Regulation XI-2/8 confirms the role of the Master in exercising his professional judgement over decisions necessary to maintain the security of the ship. It says he shall not be constrained by the Company, the charterer or any other person in this respect.
 
Regulation XI-2/5 requires all ships to be provided with a ship security alert system. ,Regulatio

ผลลัพธ์ (จีน) 2:

SOLAS公约在其连续的形式被普遍认为是最重要的关于商船安全的所有国际条约。第一个版本于1914年获得通过，以响应泰坦尼克号的灾难，第二次在1929年，第三次在1948年，第四个在1960年。1974年版本包括默认接受程序-它提供了一个修正案应生效在指定的日期，除非该日期前，反对该修正案的缔约方议定数目的好评。其结果是，1974年公约已被更新和修订多次。该公约生效今天有时被称为海上人命安全公约，1974年，经修正，技术规定SOLAS公约的主要目的是规定的最低标准为建筑，设备和船舶的操作，以符合自己的安全。船旗国有责任确保船只在其旗下遵守其要求，并有一些证书被规定了公约，以证明这项工作已经完成。控制规定还允许缔约国政府检查的船舶上的缔约国，如果有明确理由相信该船舶及其设备基本上不符合公约的要求-这个过程被称为港口国监督。目前海上人命安全公约，包括文章，列明一般义务，修正程序等，其次是附件共分12章，第一章-总则包括涉及各类船舶的调查和文件的签发标志着该法规该船符合公约的要求。本章还包括对船舶的控制，其他缔约国政府的港口规定。第二 ​​章，1 -建筑-细分和稳定性，机械与电气装置客船细分为水密舱必须是这样的，以后承担损害船舶船体的船只将保持漂浮稳定。水密完整性和污水排放设备的要求客船也放下以及用于客运和货运的船舶稳性要求的分舱程度-由两个相邻的舱壁之间的最大允许距离测量-随舰的长度和服务在其所从事。最高程度的细分适用于客船，要求涵盖了机械及电气设备的设计，以确保服务，对船舶的安全所必需的，乘客和机组人员的各种紧急情况下得以维持。“基于目标的标准”专用油油轮和散货船，2010年获得通过，需要新的船舶设计，并在指定的设计寿命构建是安全的，环保的，在完整和指定的损害情况，在其整个生命。根据规定，船舶应具有足够的强度，完整性和稳定性的船舶或污染对海洋环境损失的风险降至最低，由于结构破坏，包括崩溃，造成洪水泛滥的水密完整性或损失。第II-2 -防火，火灾探测和灭火包括对所有船舶和具体措施，对客船，货船和油轮详细的消防安全规定。它们包括以下原则：船到由热和结构的界限主竖区的划分; 从船通过热和结构的边界剩余的住宿空间分离; 限制使用可燃材料; 检测在原产区的任何火; 遏制并在原产地空间中的任何灭火; 保护访问灭火目的的逃生或手段; 消防设备易于获得; 尽量减少易燃货物蒸气点燃的可能性。第三章-救生设备和装置的章节包括救生设备和安排，包括救生艇，救助艇，并根据船舶类型救生衣的要求的要求。国际救生设备（LSA）规则给出了LSA的具体技术要求，并根据第34条，其中规定，所有的救生设备和装置应符合LSA规则的适用要求是强制性的。第四章-无线电通信篇采用了全球海上遇险和安全系统（GMDSS）。所有客船和所有货船300总吨及以上国际航行时须携带的设备旨在提高救援的几率发生事故，包括指示无线电信标（EPIRB）的修改卫星应急位置和搜救转发器（SARTs）船舶或救生艇的位置。通过收缩政府对运输无线电通讯设备提供无线通信服务，以及船舶要求在第四章盖事业法规。该章是紧密相连的国际电信联盟无线电管理条例。第五章-航行安全的第五章指出应由缔约国政府提供的某些航行安全服务，并阐述了业务性质的适用于一般于所有船舶的规定所有航程。这与该公约作为一个整体，它仅适用于某些类别的船舶从事国际航行的，所涉及的主题包括维持气象服务的船舶; 冰巡逻服务; 船舶定线; 以及搜索和救援服务的维修。本章还包括大师继续给那些处于困境的援助和缔约国政府，以确保所有船舶应充分和有效地从安全角度载人的一般义务。该章使得航行数据记录仪强制性马车仪（VDRs）和船舶自动识别系统（AIS）。第六章-对货物运输的章节涵盖了所有类型的货物（除液体和气体散装）“为主，由于其特殊的危害要在船上或个人，可能需要特殊的预防措施“。该规定包括装载的货物或货物的单位和保护要求（如容器）。该章需要运输谷物的货船应符合国际谷物规则。第七章-危险货物运输的规定都包含三个部分：A 部分-危险品包装形式运输-包括分级规定，包装，标志，标签和揭示牌，文档和危险货物配载。缔约国政府必须出具在国家一级指令和第使得强制性的国际海运危险货物（IMDG）代码，海事组织制定，它是不断更新，以适应新的危险品和补充或修订现行规定。部分A- 1 -危险品固体散装运输-涵盖了这些货物的单证，积载和隔离要求，并要求报告涉及此类货物的事件。B 部分涵盖了船舶载运危险液体散装化学品的建设和设备，并要求化学品船遵守国际散装化学品规则（IBC规则）。C 部分涵盖了建筑和载运散装和天然气运营商遵守国际气体运输船规则（IGC规则）的要求，液化气设备，D 部分，包括特殊要求对于船上包装辐照核燃料，钚和高放射性废物的运输和要求船舶运载该等产品符合国际准则瓶装辐照核燃料，钚和船上高放射性废物的安全运输。（辐照核燃料规则）本章规定运输危险品必须符合国际海运危险货物规则（国际危规）的有关规定执行。第八章-核舰艇给出的基本要求，核动力船舶和特别关注辐射的危害。它指的是安全的核商船的详细而全面的Code这是在1981年通过了IMO大会第九章-为安全营运船舶管理的章节，使强制性的国际安全管理（ISM）规则，这需要一个安全。管理系统，由船东或谁承担了船舶（以下简称“公司”）的责任任何人建立第十章-安全性措施，高速船的章节，使强制性安全的国际规范高速船（守则）。第十一章，1 -特殊措施，加强海上安全的第二章阐明有关认可机构的授权（负责执行有关主管部门“代为调查和检查）的要求; 加强调查; 船舶识别号方案; 和操作要求的港口国控制。第XI-2 -特别措施，以加强海上安全第XI-2章/ 3供奉的国际船舶和港口设施保安规则（ISPS规则）。该守则A部分是强制性的，B部分包含指导如何最好地遵守的强制性要求。第XI-2/8证实了法师在行使自己的专业判断上要保持船舶的安全决策中的作用。它说，他不受公司，承租人或任何其他人在这方面的限制。第XI-2/5必须要与船舶保安警报系统提供的所有船舶。，规制





 





 

 

 

 


 











 

 

 




 



 

 

 

 

 




 


 


 





 

ผลลัพธ์ (จีน) 3:

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