First-image theorist argue that this cluster of psychological attributes leads to a hawk bias in foreign affairs. When confronted with a possible adversary, the psychological response by individual policymakers will lead to more confrontational policies. Aggressive actions will be interpreted as intentional. When threatened with a possible loss,policymakers will be more willing to take risky actions to preserve the status quo. Other psychological traits - such as optimism bias and the illusion of control - will reinforce aggressive policies. Leader will be supremely confident that proactive measures can address whatever threat emerges from beyond the grave.