In example 1 above, the following may apply:
Recovery measure – Halon fire extinguishers and water available to cabin crew;
Escalation factor – fire extinguishers out of date, insufficient water carried;
Escalation control – robust process in place to ensure an aircraft cannot depart with out-ofdate
extinguisher or less than x litres of water.
In example 2 above, the following may apply:
Recovery measure – fire containment covers on all pallets or the use of fire-resistant
containers;
Escalation factor – covers incorrectly applied, reducing their effectiveness;
Escalation control – covers only applied by trained personal and correct application verified
by another qualified staff member.
The above elements can be more easily demonstrated with a “bow-tie” risk diagram, many of which
have been produced by operators and regulators with respect to lithium batteries. A particular
strength of the bow-tie concept is that it can readily identify where preventive controls or recovery
measures are missing. For example, both large and small aircraft will have passengers with PEDs
in carry-on baggage and both may experience incidents. However, large aircraft may have a variety
of equipment to use in dealing with an incident (e.g., oven gloves), while small aircraft may not and
operators should consider providing some level of equipment for cabin crew.
Determination of severity levels and likelihoods can be subjective, but is important that the safety
culture of an operator embraces the concept that many activities associated with air transport,
including the carriage of lithium batteries, involve risks that must be identified and mitigated to an
acceptable level of tolerability.
In example 1 above, the following may apply:Recovery measure – Halon fire extinguishers and water available to cabin crew;Escalation factor – fire extinguishers out of date, insufficient water carried;Escalation control – robust process in place to ensure an aircraft cannot depart with out-ofdateextinguisher or less than x litres of water.In example 2 above, the following may apply:Recovery measure – fire containment covers on all pallets or the use of fire-resistantcontainers;Escalation factor – covers incorrectly applied, reducing their effectiveness;Escalation control – covers only applied by trained personal and correct application verifiedby another qualified staff member.The above elements can be more easily demonstrated with a “bow-tie” risk diagram, many of whichhave been produced by operators and regulators with respect to lithium batteries. A particularstrength of the bow-tie concept is that it can readily identify where preventive controls or recoverymeasures are missing. For example, both large and small aircraft will have passengers with PEDsin carry-on baggage and both may experience incidents. However, large aircraft may have a varietyof equipment to use in dealing with an incident (e.g., oven gloves), while small aircraft may not andoperators should consider providing some level of equipment for cabin crew.Determination of severity levels and likelihoods can be subjective, but is important that the safetyculture of an operator embraces the concept that many activities associated with air transport,including the carriage of lithium batteries, involve risks that must be identified and mitigated to anacceptable level of tolerability.
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