These differences arise not only from
restructuring, but also from higher bulk transports in the US, and from larger amount of sea
harbors in Europe (Vassallo, 2005; see discussion from European sea ports, e.g. Roe, 2009).
In the US railway sector restructuring started during 1980 with Stagger’s act, and resulted in
the large-scale layoffs of people, removal of network as well as mergers and acquisitions
between market actors