As discussed earlier in this article, exfoliation of layered compounds has attracted enormous attention and exposed novel properties due to the lateral quantum confinement effect. Similarly, successful exfoliation of layered oxides of transaction and rare earth metals and hydroxides have also been achieved, which has widened the scope of nanosheets in conventional and futuristic applications. Because of exceptionally rich structural diversity and electronic structure, these oxides and hydroxide nanosheets have found applications in catalysis, optical, electronic and spin-electronic devices [172, 517]. This section presents the advancement in the synthesis and modulation of fundamental properties of oxide and hydroxides nanosheets.