To adapt soybean production to climate change, a thorough understanding of its response to hightemperature is required. Modeling studies have predicted that high temperature would shorten thegrowth period and hence lower seed yield of less day length-sensitive (early-maturing) soybean cul-tivars, whereas the magnitude of yield reduction by high temperature would be smaller in cultivars withhigher day length sensitivity (late-maturing), suggesting that late-maturing cultivars would benefit froma future high-temperature environment. Current mean growing season temperature ranges from 19.4 to22.6◦C in the northern, cool regions of Japan, which is near or below the reported optimum temperature(22–24◦C) for seed yield. We tested the hypothesis that adaptation by growing late-maturing cultivarswill be successful in maintaining seed yield under a cool climate when temperature is increased during21st century. We used three Japanese soybean cultivars, early-maturing Yukihomare and late-maturingcultivars Ryuhou and Enrei. Plants were grown over 3 years from June to September (a conventional sea-son) under three temperature regimes, T1 (ambient), T2 (1.8–3.6◦C above ambient), T3 (4.8–5.7◦C aboveambient), in a sunlit temperature gradient chamber. The leaf area at the full expansion stage, pod andseed numbers, and seed yield increased at elevated temperature in the late-maturing cultivars but notin the early-maturing one. The photosynthetic rate and effective quantum yield of photosystem II at theflowering stage increased at elevated temperature in all three cultivars. The period from sowing to thebeginning of flowering (R1) decreased in all three cultivars at elevated temperature, whereas the periodfrom R1 to the beginning of pod addition and the flowering period were prolonged in the late-maturingcultivars, but not in the early-maturing one. The differential response in post-flowering development indifferent maturity groups is probably related to the differences in the day length requirements of thesecultivars. Our data clearly demonstrate that yield enhancement by increasing temperature in the late-maturing cultivars resulted from both the improvement in sources (leaf area and leaf photosynthesis)and the increase in sink size (number of flowers, pods and seeds) due to the longer flowering period. Weconclude that the yield of the late-maturing cultivars sown during the conventional season in the coolregions of Japan will increase during the 21st century.