Broad religious opposition was itself stoked by the trained ulama, who resented the Pahlavi regime for continually
eroding their power while tolerating the growing
influence of Western nations. Among the policies
considered hostile toward the ulama, Reza Shah implemented
qualifying examinations to wear a turban and
therefore be recognized as one of the ulama. The shah
also secularized legal and educational systems, thus stripping
the ulama of jobs. Furthermore, the shah unveiled
women, opened universities to coeducation, established
schools of theology in state universities, including the
University of Tehran, put new restrictions on pilgrimages
abroad, and created a religion corps to go along
with the literacy corps for villages, thereby ensuring the
teaching of an officially-sanctioned version of religion.23
Through these policies, the shah targeted the power of
the ulama and aggressively inserted himself into their
previously reserved religious domain.
Broad religious opposition was itself stoked by the trained ulama, who resented the Pahlavi regime for continuallyeroding their power while tolerating the growinginfluence of Western nations. Among the policiesconsidered hostile toward the ulama, Reza Shah implementedqualifying examinations to wear a turban andtherefore be recognized as one of the ulama. The shahalso secularized legal and educational systems, thus strippingthe ulama of jobs. Furthermore, the shah unveiledwomen, opened universities to coeducation, establishedschools of theology in state universities, including theUniversity of Tehran, put new restrictions on pilgrimagesabroad, and created a religion corps to go alongwith the literacy corps for villages, thereby ensuring theteaching of an officially-sanctioned version of religion.23Through these policies, the shah targeted the power ofthe ulama and aggressively inserted himself into theirpreviously reserved religious domain.
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