From those assumptions, the accountability paradigm of progressive public administration (hereafter public policy administration for convenience) put heavy stress on two basic management doctrines. One of those doctrines was to keep the public sector sharply distinct from the private sector in terms of continuity, ethos, methods of doing business, organization design, people, rewards and career structure. The aim, in Beatrice Webb's words (Barker, 1984, p.34), was for a "Jesuitiical corps" of ascetic zealots. The other doctrine was to maintain buffers against political and managerial discretion by means of an elaborate structure of procedural rules designed to prevent favoritism and corruption and to keep arms-length relations between politicians and the entrenched custodians of particular public service "trusts