The antiarrhythmic properties beta-blockers (Class II antiarrhythmic) are related to their ability to inhibit sympathetic influences on cardiac electrical activity. Sympathetic nerves increase sinoatrial node automaticity by increasing the pacemaker currents, which increases sinus rate. Sympathetic activation also increases conduction velocity (particularly at the atrioventricular node), and stimulates aberrant pacemaker activity (ectopic foci). These sympathetic influences are mediated primarily through β1-adrenoceptors. Therefore, beta-blockers can attenuate these sympathetic effects and thereby decrease sinus rate, decrease conduction velocity (which can block reentry mechanisms), and inhibit aberrant pacemaker activity. Beta-blockers also affect non-pacemaker action potentials by increasing action potential duration and the effective refractory period. This effect can play a major role in blocking arrhythmias caused by reentry.