Kimura et al. (2006) hold that spaghetti bowl effects exist in the world, but the degree
of spaghetti bowl effect in the manufacturing sector is different from that in the raw
materials sector: The spaghetti bowl effect on the raw materials sector is minor. Asian
Development Bank (2006) proposes that joining the EurAsEC is good news for Kazakhstan
because the exports of Kazakhstan to member states and nonmember states will grow
faster. Kassenova (2012) points out that politics was the main reason for Kazakhstan to
join the CU. Hence, joining the CU could not promote exports of Kazakhstan to other
member states.