BUREAUCRATIC GOVERNANCE AND
NETWORK GOVERNANCE
Although the term ‘governance’ in public administration
implies different things to different people, it is
often referred as ‘the institutionalized politico-economic
process’ that organizes and coordinates activities among
a wide variety of economic, political, and social actors.
Von Moltke (2001) argues that government is a special
instance of governance. More broadly, Kooiman (1993)
describes governance as “the purposive means of guiding
and steering” a society or a community. Lynn et al.
(2001) define it as “regimes of laws, rules, judicial decisions,
and administrative practices that constrain, prescribe,
and enable the provision of publicly supported
goods and services.” Kim and Kim (2004) find origins in theories of community building. There exists different
types of governance within and across different societies
and they are often the outcomes of socio-economicpolitical
process under which various societal actors
interact to achieve desirable societal goals. Rhodes
(1997) stipulates that the choice over a particular mode
of governance is a “matter of practicality; that is, under
what conditions does each governing structure work
effectively?” This implies that the evolution or the transformation
of governance depends on various political
and economic factors that affect the way in which nonstate
actors interact with the state.