Further characterization of these cyanobacterial toxins needs to be performed with an emphasis on routes of human exposure and possibilities to mitigate adverse health effects. Additionally, the possible potentiating role of other microbial and fungal toxins needs to be investigated. Research on cyanobacteria, microbes, and fungal species toxin production has been extensively conducted in other environments. Further research on these toxins needs to include desert environments, which are increasingly populated and used for agricultural and livestock grazing worldwide. The potential of deserts to expand with the threat from global climate change makes these studies increasingly urgent.