The greatest challenge of brain research for educators does not lie in understanding the anatomical intricacies of brain functioning but in comprehending the vastness, complexity, and potential of the human brain. What we are beginning to discover about the role of emotions, stress, and threat in learning and about memory systems and motivation is challenging basic assumptions about traditional education. Fully understood this information requires a major shift in our definitions of testing and grading and in the organizational structure of classrooms and schools.