The analysis we present here uses the same basic strategy. We compare the change over time in the juvenile homicide
rate to the change over time in the homicide rate for young adults between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four
years old. We use SHR data for all homicides committed by these two groups between 1980 and 2009. We only collected
SHR data for states that passed some statutory change that increased the harshness of the juvenile justice system
between 1992 and 1997. We categorized a state as increasing the punitive nature of their juvenile justice system
if the state expanded juvenile eligibility for adult court, expanded sentencing authority in juvenile court, or removed
some confidentiality protection from juvenile proceedings. [FN40] This data set includes all states except Nebraska,
New York, and Vermont. The majority of the jurisdictions in the data set (sixty percent) implemented all three of the
changes to the juvenile justice system. An overwhelming majority (ninety-six percent) of jurisdictions implemented
at least two of these changes during the stated time period