Patterns of bureaucracy
The three patterns of bureaucracy used in this study follow the definition offered by Gouldner (1954). Gouldner has defined different patterns of bureaucracy based on how managers and employees dealt with institutional pressures to carry on the necessary procedures to have their work done. Bureaucracy as an institution has assumed three different forms. Gouldner‘s (1954) three patterns of bureaucracy are: (1) representative bureaucracy – where rules are enforced by managers and obeyed by workers; there is an agreement about the importance of the rules for achieving organizational goals; (2) mock bureaucracy – where rules are neither enforced by managers nor followed by workers, because violation allows both a measure of status improvement; there is an agreement about the lack of importance of rules for achieving organizational goals; and (3) discordant bureaucracy (or in Gouldner‘s terms, punishment-centered bureaucracy) – where rules are enforced by managers and evaded by workers; there is a disagreement about the importance of rules for achieving organizational goals.