Corporate-Level Strategy
Study outcome
1.Define corporate-level strategy and discuss its purpose.
2.Describe different levels of diversification with different corporate-level strategies.
3.Explain three primary reasons firms diversify.
4.Describe how firms can create value by using a related diversification strategy.
5.Explain the two ways value can be created with an unrelated diversification strategy.
6.Discuss the incentives and resources that encourage diversification.
7.Describe motives that can encourage managers to over-diversify a firm.
Corporate-level Strategy
•A corporate-level strategy specifies actions a firm takes to gain a competitive advantage by selecting and managing a group of different businesses competing in different product markets.
Levels and Types of Diversification
Value-Creating Diversification: Related Constrained and Related Linked Diversification
•Economies of scope are cost savings that the firm creates by successfully sharing some of its resources and capabilities or transferring one or more corporate-level core competencies that were developed in one of its businesses to another of its businesses.
Reasons for Diversification
Value-Creating Diversification
•Economies of scope (related diversification)
– Sharing activities
– Transferring core competencies
•Market power (related diversification)
– Blocking competitors through multipoint competition
– Vertical integration
•Financial economies (unrelated diversification)
– Efficient internal capital allocation
– Business restructuring
Reasons for Diversification
Value-Neutral Diversification
•Antitrust regulation
•Tax laws
•Low performance
•Uncertain future cash flows
•Risk reduction for firm
•Tangible resources
•Intangible resources
Value-Reducing Diversification
•Diversifying managerial employment risk
•Increasing managerial compensation
Value-Creating Diversification Strategies: Operational and Corporate Relatedness
Value-Creating Diversification Strategies
•Operational Relatedness: Sharing Activities
•Corporate Relatedness: Transferring of Core Competencies
–Corporate-level core competencies are complex sets of resources and capabilities that link different businesses, primarily through managerial and technological knowledge, experience, and expertise.
Corporate Relatedness: Transferring of Core Competencies
Honda
Market Power
•Market power exists when a firm is able to sell its products above the existing competitive level or to reduce the costs of its primary and support activities below the competitive level, or both.
•Multipoint competition exists when two or more diversified firms simultaneously compete in the same product areas or geographic markets.
Market Power
•Vertical integration exists when a company produces its own inputs (backward integration) or owns its own source of output distribution (forward integration).
•Conducting business through e-commerce also allows vertical integration to be changed into “virtual integration.”
Unrelated Diversification
•Financial economies are cost savings realized through improved allocations of financial resources based on investments inside or outside the firm.
•Two types of financial economies concern:
–Efficient internal capital market allocation
–Restructuring of assets
Value-Neutral Diversification: Incentives and Resources
Incentives to Diversify
•Antitrust regulation and tax laws
•Low performance
•Uncertain future cash flows
•Synergy and firm risk reduction
–Synergy exists when the value created by business units working together exceeds the value that those same units create working independently.
Relationship between Diversification and Performance
Value-Neutral Diversification: Incentives and Resources
Resources and Diversification
•Tangible resources
–Excess capacity of other tangible resources, such as a sales force, can be used to diversify more easily.
•Intangible resources
–Intangible resources are more flexible than tangible physical assets in facilitating diversification.
Value-Reducing Diversification: Managerial Motives to Diversify
•Diversification provides additional benefits to top-level managers that shareholders do not enjoy.
•Research evidence shows that diversification and firm size are highly correlated, and as firm size increases, so does executive compensation.
•Governance mechanisms, such as the board of directors, monitoring by owners, executive compensation practices, and the market for corporate control, may limit managerial tendencies to over-diversify.
Summary Model of the Relationship between Diversification and Firm Performance
Assignment
•In groups, answer the review questions in the main text, page 148 and 174.
•Answer in 3-4 page of A4.
•Pass the answer sheet to the lecturer at the beginning of the next class.
Corporate-Level Strategy
Study outcome
1.Define corporate-level strategy and discuss its purpose.
2.Describe different levels of diversification with different corporate-level strategies.
3.Explain three primary reasons firms diversify.
4.Describe how firms can create value by using a related diversification strategy.
5.Explain the two ways value can be created with an unrelated diversification strategy.
6.Discuss the incentives and resources that encourage diversification.
7.Describe motives that can encourage managers to over-diversify a firm.
Corporate-level Strategy
•A corporate-level strategy specifies actions a firm takes to gain a competitive advantage by selecting and managing a group of different businesses competing in different product markets.
Levels and Types of Diversification
Value-Creating Diversification: Related Constrained and Related Linked Diversification
•Economies of scope are cost savings that the firm creates by successfully sharing some of its resources and capabilities or transferring one or more corporate-level core competencies that were developed in one of its businesses to another of its businesses.
Reasons for Diversification
Value-Creating Diversification
•Economies of scope (related diversification)
– Sharing activities
– Transferring core competencies
•Market power (related diversification)
– Blocking competitors through multipoint competition
– Vertical integration
•Financial economies (unrelated diversification)
– Efficient internal capital allocation
– Business restructuring
Reasons for Diversification
Value-Neutral Diversification
•Antitrust regulation
•Tax laws
•Low performance
•Uncertain future cash flows
•Risk reduction for firm
•Tangible resources
•Intangible resources
Value-Reducing Diversification
•Diversifying managerial employment risk
•Increasing managerial compensation
Value-Creating Diversification Strategies: Operational and Corporate Relatedness
Value-Creating Diversification Strategies
•Operational Relatedness: Sharing Activities
•Corporate Relatedness: Transferring of Core Competencies
–Corporate-level core competencies are complex sets of resources and capabilities that link different businesses, primarily through managerial and technological knowledge, experience, and expertise.
Corporate Relatedness: Transferring of Core Competencies
Honda
Market Power
•Market power exists when a firm is able to sell its products above the existing competitive level or to reduce the costs of its primary and support activities below the competitive level, or both.
•Multipoint competition exists when two or more diversified firms simultaneously compete in the same product areas or geographic markets.
Market Power
•Vertical integration exists when a company produces its own inputs (backward integration) or owns its own source of output distribution (forward integration).
•Conducting business through e-commerce also allows vertical integration to be changed into “virtual integration.”
Unrelated Diversification
•Financial economies are cost savings realized through improved allocations of financial resources based on investments inside or outside the firm.
•Two types of financial economies concern:
–Efficient internal capital market allocation
–Restructuring of assets
Value-Neutral Diversification: Incentives and Resources
Incentives to Diversify
•Antitrust regulation and tax laws
•Low performance
•Uncertain future cash flows
•Synergy and firm risk reduction
–Synergy exists when the value created by business units working together exceeds the value that those same units create working independently.
Relationship between Diversification and Performance
Value-Neutral Diversification: Incentives and Resources
Resources and Diversification
•Tangible resources
–Excess capacity of other tangible resources, such as a sales force, can be used to diversify more easily.
•Intangible resources
–Intangible resources are more flexible than tangible physical assets in facilitating diversification.
Value-Reducing Diversification: Managerial Motives to Diversify
•Diversification provides additional benefits to top-level managers that shareholders do not enjoy.
•Research evidence shows that diversification and firm size are highly correlated, and as firm size increases, so does executive compensation.
•Governance mechanisms, such as the board of directors, monitoring by owners, executive compensation practices, and the market for corporate control, may limit managerial tendencies to over-diversify.
Summary Model of the Relationship between Diversification and Firm Performance
Assignment
•In groups, answer the review questions in the main text, page 148 and 174.
•Answer in 3-4 page of A4.
•Pass the answer sheet to the lecturer at the beginning of the next class.
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