Other gastric ulcer models: Water immersion restraint stress results in formation of gastric ulcer via oxidative stress[53,54]. Ohta et al[54] reported that oral extracts of several herbal mixtures for 3 h markedly reduced ulcer indices in gastric ulcer models induced by water immersion restraint stress. Similarly, oral curcumin resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of ulcer indices in a pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer model[55]. These results demonstrate that herbal extracts of single ingredients or mixtures are beneficial in gastric ulcer healing.