function. Shintani, Imai, Nishimura, and Papadimitriou (2007)
have port related costs and cargo handling costs which are subtracted
from revenue in their objective function. Hoff, Lium,
Løkketangen, and Crainic (2010) explicitly include inventory
holding costs at terminals into their objective function, and Zhu
et al. (2011) include restrictions on maximum track occupation
of trains at terminals and maximum number of block-building
workload at each period, along with costs related to these operations
into their model.