Ethnopharmacological relevance:Pipernigrum is widelyusedasafolkmedicineincludingusageforpain
relief, fevers,aswellasananti-canceragent.Howeverthecrudeextractofpiperinefree P.nigrum (PFPE),
which inhibitsbreastcancer,anditsmechanismsarestillbeingkeptsecret.Thisresearchaimstoelu-
cidate theanti-cancereffectsofPFPEanditsmechanisms