riders’ phones with Bluetooth sensors mounted on the bike.
Paefgen and Michahelles [11] used the Telex Picotrack GPS
monitor to track e-bikes, transmitting data via general packet radio
service. The BikeNet project [12] monitored a variety of sensors,
including video and pollution monitors, via a mobile phone, and
sent data via mobile network and WIFI. Paefgen’s Picotrack
monitor shows how a monitor can run independently using power
from the e-bike battery, however, these modules are limited to
GPS sensing only. The BikeNet project shows a good example of
using the mobile phone as the central part of a monitoring system.
Finally, the Campus Mobility project monitored e-bikes on a
university campus [2]. They used a small Android touchscreen
computer and GPS module mounted on the bike.
There are several public bike schemes that collect real-time data
about their usage but they rely on parking/charging stations.
E-bike hire schemes include those in Germany [13] and the
Netherlands [14], a forthcoming pilot integrating with a car
sharing company in the San Francisco Bay Area [15] and
institution-based system such as the one at the University of
Tennessee-Knoxville [16–18]. Many hire schemes log data when
bikes move in and out of parking stations, but most do not collect
data about the actual journey between stations. When analysing
the movement of bikes in public hire schemes, the trip data uses
the location and time of the station at the beginning and end of
each trip rather than a GPS data of the actual route taken, for