Such challenges are part of a broader critique and reconceptualization of traditional theories of child developn.ent and of developmental continua (see Kessler and Swadner 1994; Fleer 199s). Learning outcomes based on traditional theories of development that are being criticized and reconceptualized risk embedding outmoded ideas of teaching and learning within them.
Disempowering educators
A "conforming to society' position on observation and assessment can disempower educators in two ways. First, the increasing use of standardized tests to assess children's learning directly counters what many teachers believe are appropriare ways to assess young children, discounting the value of their knowledge of the child. In one US study of teachers' assessment: "teachers reported using and placing much value on various forms of classroom assessment, but not using, and placing little value on, mandated, standardized testing programmes' ( Crrepanier-Street ' t al 2001: 240)
Such challenges are part of a broader critique and reconceptualization of traditional theories of child developn.ent and of developmental continua (see Kessler and Swadner 1994; Fleer 199s). Learning outcomes based on traditional theories of development that are being criticized and reconceptualized risk embedding outmoded ideas of teaching and learning within them.Disempowering educators A "conforming to society' position on observation and assessment can disempower educators in two ways. First, the increasing use of standardized tests to assess children's learning directly counters what many teachers believe are appropriare ways to assess young children, discounting the value of their knowledge of the child. In one US study of teachers' assessment: "teachers reported using and placing much value on various forms of classroom assessment, but not using, and placing little value on, mandated, standardized testing programmes' ( Crrepanier-Street ' t al 2001: 240)
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