is in many cases a reason why people are afraid to fly. Or the example that I give you here, which is why are people so afraid of sharks, when the prevalence or the rate of shark attacks is actually really, really low? One of my favorite examples of the availability approach or tactic to influencing people, is what happened in 2001 in the United States. In 2001, prior to September 11th, the third most important news story in the entire country was what was happening on the coast of Florida. Where you had news helicopters flying above the beach in Florida, videotaping sharks swimming in the water around people. Every night when you turned on the news in the Unites States, and this was nationwide, every night on the news, all you saw were videos of sharks swimming in the water, off the coast of Florida, near human beings swimming and playing in the water.
7:20
The result was dramatic. People, their fear of sharks went up, their willingness to go to Florida on vacation, their willingness to go to the beach and get in the water dropped dramatically, why? Because every night they were seeing sharks in the water off the coast of Florida. Very vivid, very salient, and readily available information when you're planning where you're gonna go for vacation that year, or whether or not you're gonna get in the water. But here's the irony, there were actually less attacks in 2001, nine in fact, less attacks in 2001 relative to the prior year in 2000. And if you look at years prior to 2000, there was no surge in shark attacks in 2001. The simple reality is that it was a slow news cycle up until 9/11, and the news television stations simply had nothing better to cover, and so they covered the sharks swimming in the ocean. And that created a heightened sense of fear and anxiety on the part of people planning their vacations and so forth. So then the question is, well how do you protect yourself from this availability heuristic, or this availability strategy, so that you are not susceptible to the influence of this extremely vivid, salient information, even when that information should not be influencing your behavior? So here are a few strategies. The first one is keeping a continuous record of relevant facts, data, events, for example, and making sure that you're referring back to them. I work with a lot of my students and one of the things I often tell them is when you're at work, oftentimes organizations have an annual performance evaluation that's at the end of the calendar year, or the end of the fiscal year. And I often ask the question, if you want to influence your boss' rating of you, and that rating is for the entire year, when during the year do you think you should be performing at your best? And the answer is clearly, as close as possible to that annual performance evaluation.
9:35
And you can actually influence your manager or your boss' rating of you by maximizing your performance as close to that annual evaluation as possible, and so then if you're the manager, the question is, how do you protect yourself from that availability heuristic? And one answer to that is keeping that continuous record of data on your employees over the course of the entire year so you can refer back to a full year's set of information as opposed to just what was most recent.
10:10
The second strategy that I want you to really internalize and understand is distancing meetings from events that are particularly vivid, salient, unexpected, or events that are extremely positive or extremely negative.
10:25
Those events that are extremely vivid, unexpected, or extremely positive
เป็นเหตุผลทำไมคนจึงกลัวการบินในหลายกรณี หรือตัวอย่างที่ผมให้คุณที่นี่ ซึ่งเป็นอยู่กลัวปลาฉลาม เมื่อความชุกหรืออัตราการโจมตีปลาฉลามจริงจริง ๆ จริง ๆ ต่ำ หนึ่งตัวอย่างของฉันชื่นชอบพร้อมวิธีหรือกลยุทธ์มีอิทธิพลต่อคน คือสิ่งที่เกิดในปีพ.ศ. 2544 ในสหรัฐอเมริกา ในปี 2001 ก่อนวันที่ 11 กันยายน ข่าวสามสำคัญที่สุดในประเทศทั้งหมดเป็นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นบนชายฝั่งฟลอริดา หากคุณมีข่าวเฮลิคอปเตอร์บินเหนือชายหาดในฟลอริดา ห้ามฉลามว่ายน้ำรอบ ๆ ท่าน ทุกคืนเมื่อคุณเปิดข่าวในอเมริกา Unites และนี้คือทั่วประเทศ ทุกคืนในข่าว สิ่งที่คุณเห็นมีวิดีโอของปลาฉลามว่ายน้ำ ปิดการชายฝั่งฟลอริดา ใกล้มนุษย์ว่ายน้ำ และเล่นน้ำ 7:20The result was dramatic. People, their fear of sharks went up, their willingness to go to Florida on vacation, their willingness to go to the beach and get in the water dropped dramatically, why? Because every night they were seeing sharks in the water off the coast of Florida. Very vivid, very salient, and readily available information when you're planning where you're gonna go for vacation that year, or whether or not you're gonna get in the water. But here's the irony, there were actually less attacks in 2001, nine in fact, less attacks in 2001 relative to the prior year in 2000. And if you look at years prior to 2000, there was no surge in shark attacks in 2001. The simple reality is that it was a slow news cycle up until 9/11, and the news television stations simply had nothing better to cover, and so they covered the sharks swimming in the ocean. And that created a heightened sense of fear and anxiety on the part of people planning their vacations and so forth. So then the question is, well how do you protect yourself from this availability heuristic, or this availability strategy, so that you are not susceptible to the influence of this extremely vivid, salient information, even when that information should not be influencing your behavior? So here are a few strategies. The first one is keeping a continuous record of relevant facts, data, events, for example, and making sure that you're referring back to them. I work with a lot of my students and one of the things I often tell them is when you're at work, oftentimes organizations have an annual performance evaluation that's at the end of the calendar year, or the end of the fiscal year. And I often ask the question, if you want to influence your boss' rating of you, and that rating is for the entire year, when during the year do you think you should be performing at your best? And the answer is clearly, as close as possible to that annual performance evaluation. 9:35And you can actually influence your manager or your boss' rating of you by maximizing your performance as close to that annual evaluation as possible, and so then if you're the manager, the question is, how do you protect yourself from that availability heuristic? And one answer to that is keeping that continuous record of data on your employees over the course of the entire year so you can refer back to a full year's set of information as opposed to just what was most recent. 10:10The second strategy that I want you to really internalize and understand is distancing meetings from events that are particularly vivid, salient, unexpected, or events that are extremely positive or extremely negative. 10:25Those events that are extremely vivid, unexpected, or extremely positive
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