They argue that this is the same behavior as seen by Fama and French (1993) in their tests of their three-factor model and that the IPO anomaly is thus a manifestation of a general problem in pricing small firms with low book to market ratios. Brav, Geczy, and Gompers (2000) also studied seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) and found that momentum, in addition to the Fama-French three-factor model, helps explain the behavior of returns after SEOs.