All the amino acids in G-FSc were lower than those in G-Control by 46% (His) – 89% (Ser), and Met was not detected in G-FSc. In contrast, eight amino acids (Glu, Asp, Pro, Ser, Tyr, Gly, Thr, and Cys) were unaffected by P. kluyveri fermentation (P < 0.05).