Among those reporting formative research, the most commonly reported activity was research about campaign messages, including pretesting messages or examining message preferences of members of the target audience. This was reported (or implied) in 11 of 16, or 69%, of studies employing formative research (see Table 1). Also commonly reported was research to understand what factors influence the behavior of interest, reported (or implied) in 10 of 16, or 63%, of studies. For- mative research to best assess promising channels of interest or to assess how to place messages within selected channels was mentioned in only 2 of 16, or 13%, of studies. In addition, only two studies (13%) reported using formative research to develop or test evaluation measures. Unfortunately, Myhre and Flora (2000) did not look at use of formative research in their review, and therefore comparisons on this dimension cannot be made.