Previous studies that were conducted here at the University of Michigan Biological Station found some similar results. There were significant increases in nitrogen levels between sites upstream, at the Wilderness Golf Course and slightly lower at the downstream site on the Carp Lake River (Metes 2006 and Boelio 2006). Data from the previous study also showed there was an increased proportion of EPT between the site upstream from the golf course and at the golf course proper on Carp Lake River (Metes 2006). Since there were no statistical tests ran to compare EPT index data in our study, it can only be said that there was an upward trend between upstream samples and the site nearest to the Wilderness Golf Course.